The Umayyad Dynasty
The Umayyad line or Umayyads were the decision group of the Caliphate somewhere in the range of 661 and 750 and later of Al-Andalus somewhere in the range of 756 and 1031. In the pre-Islamic period, they were a noticeable family of the Meccan clan of Quraysh, dropped from Umayya ibn Abd Farces. In spite of steadfast resistance to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Umayyads embraced Islam before the last's passing in 632. Uthman, an early friend of Muhammad from the Umayyad family, was the third Rashidun caliph, administering in 644-656, while different individuals held different governorships. One of these lead representatives, Mu'awiya I of Syria, went against Caliph Ali in the Main Muslim Nationwide conflict (656-661) and a while later established the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital in Damascus. This noticeable the start of the Umayyad tradition, the principal genetic line throughout the entire existence of Islam, and the main one to govern over the whole Islamic universe of now is the right time.
Umayyad authority was tested in the Second Muslim Nationwide conflict, during which the Sufyanid line of Mu'awiya was supplanted in 684 by Marwan I, who established the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs, which reestablished the administration's standard over the Caliphate. The Umayyads drove on the early Muslim triumphs, vanquishing North Africa, Hispania, Focal Asia, and Sind, yet the consistent fighting depleted the state's tactical assets, while Alid and Kharijite revolts and ancestral competitions debilitated the state from the inside. At last, in 750 the Abbasids ousted Caliph Marwan II and slaughtered the greater part of the family. One of the survivors, Abd al-Rahman, a grandson of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, disappeared to Muslim Spain, where he established the Emirate of Córdoba, which his relative, Abd al-Rahman III, raised to the situation with a caliphate in 929. After a generally short brilliant age, the Caliphate of Córdoba crumbled into a few free taifa realms in 1031, consequently denoting the political finish of the Umayyad line.
Pre-Islamic beginnings
The Umayyads, or Banu Umayya, were a faction of the bigger Quraysh clan, which overwhelmed Mecca in the pre-Islamic era. The Quraysh determined renown among the Middle Easterner clans through their security and support of the Kaʿba, which at the time was respected by the generally polytheistic Bedouins across the Bedouin Promontory as their most holy sanctuary. A Qurayshite pioneer, Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy, who in view of his spot in the genealogical practice would have lived in the late fifth 100 years, was accused of the upkeep and insurance of the Kaʿba and its pilgrims. These jobs passed to his children Abd Jokes, Hashim and others. Abd Farces was the dad of Umayya, the eponymous begetter of the Umayyads.
Umayya succeeded Abd Jokes as the qa'id (wartime commandant) of the Meccans. This position was logical a periodic political post whose holder managed the heading of Mecca's tactical undertakings in the midst of battle, rather than a genuine field command. This early involvement with military administration demonstrated educational, as later Umayyads were known for having extensive political and military hierarchical skills. The student of history Giorgio Levi Della Vida recommends that data in the early Arabic sources about Umayya, similarly as with every one of the old forebears of the clans of Arabia, "be acknowledged with alert", yet "that too extraordinary wariness concerning custom would be all around as foolish as outright confidence in its statements". Della Vida affirms that since the Umayyads who show up toward the start of Islamic history in the mid seventh century were no later than third-age relatives of Umayya, the last's presence is exceptionally plausible.
By around 600, the Quraysh had created trans-Middle Eastern exchange organizations, sorting out troops to Syria in the north and Yemen in the south. The Banu Umayya and the Banu Makhzum, another noticeable Qurayshite group, ruled these exchange organizations. They created financial and military coalitions with the traveling Bedouin clans that controlled the northern and focal Middle Eastern desert territories, acquiring them a level of political power in Arabia.
Resistance to Islam and reception of Islam
At the point when the Islamic prophet Muhammad, an individual from the Banu Hashim, a Qurayshite family connected with the Banu Umayya through their common precursor, Abd Manaf, started his strict lessons in Mecca, he was gone against by the vast majority of the Quraysh. He tracked down help from the occupants of Medina and migrated there with his supporters in 622. The relatives of Abd Jokes, including the Umayyads, were among the primary heads of Qurayshite resistance to Muhammad. They supplanted the Banu Makhzum, drove by Abu Jahl, because of the weighty misfortunes that the Banu Makhzum's authority caused battling the Muslims at the Clash of Badr in 624. An Umayyad boss, Abu Sufyan, from there on turned into the head of the Meccan armed force that battled the Muslims under Muhammad at the skirmishes of Uhud and the Trench.
Abu Sufyan and his children, alongside the vast majority of the Umayyads, embraced Islam close to the furthest limit of Muhammad's life, following the Muslim victory of Mecca. To get the faithfulness of noticeable Umayyad pioneers, including Abu Sufyan, Muhammad offered them gifts and places of significance in the early Muslim state. He introduced another Umayyad, Attab ibn Asid ibn Abi al-Is, as the principal legislative leader of Mecca. Despite the fact that Mecca held its centrality as a strict focus, Medina kept on filling in as the political focus of the Muslims. Abu Sufyan and the Banu Umayya migrated to the city to keep up with their becoming political influence.
Muhammad's demise in 632 made a progression emergency, while roaming clans all through Arabia that had embraced Islam surrendered from Medina's authority. Abu Bakr, quite possibly of Muhammad's most established companion and an early proselyte to Islam, was chosen caliph (fundamental political and strict head of the Muslim community). Abu Bakr showed favor to the Umayyads by granting them an unmistakable job in the Muslim triumph of Syria. He designated an Umayyad, Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, as administrator of the undertaking, yet supplanted him with different commandants, among whom was Abu Sufyan's child, Yazid. Abu Sufyan had proactively possessed property and kept up with exchange networks Syria.
Abu Bakr's replacement, Caliph Umar (r. 634-644), while effectively shortening the impact of the Qurayshite tip top for Muhammad's prior allies in the organization and military, didn't upset the developing traction of Abu Sufyan's children in Syria, which was in essence vanquished by 638. When Umar's general leader over the territory, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, kicked the bucket in 639, he delegated Yazid legislative leader of the Damascus, Palestine and Jordan locale of Syria. Yazid passed on soon after and Umar introduced his sibling Mu'awiya in his place.Umar's remarkable treatment of Abu Sufyan's children might have originated from his regard for the family, their thriving union with the strong Banu Kalb clan as an offset to the impact of the Himyarite clans who entered the Hims locale during the victory, or the absence of a reasonable competitor at that point, especially in the midst of the plague of Amwas, which had proactively killed Abu Ubayda and Yazid.
Strengthening by Caliph Uthman
Caliph Umar kicked the bucket in 644 and was prevailed by Uthman ibn Affan, a rich Umayyad trader, early believer to Islam, and child in-regulation and close sidekick of Muhammad. Uthman at first kept his ancestors' deputies in their commonplace posts, however bit by bit supplanted numerous with Umayyads or his maternal family from the Banu Umayya's parent faction, the Banu Abd Shams. Mu'awiya, who had been delegated legislative head of Syria by Umar, held his post. Two Umayyads, al-Walid ibn Uqba and Sa'id ibn al-As, were progressively selected to Kufa, one of the two fundamental Middle Easterner posts and managerial focuses in Iraq. Uthman's cousin, Marwan ibn al-Hakam, turned into his boss adviser.Albeit a conspicuous individual from the tribe, Uthman isn't viewed as a feature of the Umayyad tradition since he was picked by agreement (shura) among the internal circle of Muslim initiative and never endeavored to select an Umayyad as his successor. In any case, because of Uthman's strategies, the Umayyads recovered a proportion of the power they had lost after the Muslim triumph of Mecca.
The death of Uthman in 656 turned into an energizing weep for the Qurayshite resistance to his replacement, Muhammad's cousin and child in-regulation Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib of the Banu Hashim. The Qurayshite first class didn't consider Ali capable, however went against his promotion in light of the current situation of Uthman's end. Following their loss at the Skirmish of the Camel close to Basra, during which their chiefs Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, both likely competitors of the caliphate, passed on, the mantle of resistance to Ali was taken up essentially by Mu'awiya. At first, he ceased from transparently guaranteeing the caliphate, zeroing in rather on sabotaging Ali's power and solidifying his situation in Syria, all for the sake of avenging Uthman's death. Mu'awiya and Ali, driving their separate Syrian and Iraqi allies, battled to an impasse at the Clash of Siffin in 657. It prompted an uncertain discretion, which debilitated Ali's control over his sectarians, while raising the height of Mu'awiya as Ali's equal. As Ali was hindered fighting his previous hardliners, who became known as the Kharijites, Mu'awiya was perceived as caliph by his center allies, the Syrian Bedouin clans, in 659 or 660. When Ali was killed by a Kharijite in 661, Mu'awiya walked on Kufa, where he constrained Ali's child, Hasan, to surrender caliphal authority and earned respect from the district's Middle Easterner ancestral nobility.subsequently, Mu'awiya turned out to be generally perceived as caliph, however resistance by the Kharijites and a portion of Ali's supporters continued at a less reliable level.
Dynastic rule over the Caliphate
Sufyanid period
The reunification of the Muslim people group under Mu'awiya's initiative denoted the foundation of the Umayyad dynasty. In view of the records of the conventional Muslim sources, that's what hawting composes
The Umayyads, driving delegates of the people who had gone against the Prophet [Muhammad] until the most recent conceivable second, had in the span of thirty years of his demise restored their situation to the degree that they were presently at the top of the local area which he had founded.
As opposed to Uthman's strengthening of the Umayyads, Mu'awiya's power didn't depend on the tribe and, with minor exemptions, he didn't choose Umayyads to the significant territories or his court in Damascus. He generally restricted their impact to Medina, where the majority of the Umayyads remained headquartered. The deficiency of political power left the Umayyads of Medina angry of Mu'awiya, who might have become careful about the political desires of the a lot bigger Abu al-As part of the group — to which Uthman had a place — under the authority of Marwan ibn al-Hakam. Mu'awiya endeavored to debilitate the faction by inciting inward divisions. Among the actions taken was the substitution of Marwan from the governorship of Medina in 668 with another driving Umayyad, Sa'id ibn al-As. The last option was told to crush Marwan's home, however denied. Marwan was reestablished in 674 and furthermore declined Mu'awiya's structure to crush Sa'id's house. Mu'awiya selected his own nephew, al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, in Marwan's place in 678.
In 676, Mu'awiya introduced his child, Yazid I, as his replacement. The move was extraordinary in Muslim legislative issues — prior caliphs had been chosen by famous help in Medina or by the discussion of the senior friends of Muhammad. Mu'awiya's Umayyad family in Medina, including Marwan and Sa'id, acknowledged Mu'awiya's choice, yet disapprovingly. The guideline resistance exuded from Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abd Allah ibn Umar and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, all conspicuous Medina-based children of prior caliphs or close colleagues of Muhammad.
Yazid consented in 680 and after three years confronted a revolt by individuals of Medina and Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. Yazid's cousin, Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan, and the Umayyads living in Medina, drove by Marwan, were expelled. Yazid dispatched his Syrian armed force to reassert his clout in the Hejaz and ease his kinsmen. The Umayyads of Medina joined the Syrians in the attack against the radicals in Medina and crushed them at the Clash of al-Harra.The Syrians continued to blockade Mecca, yet pulled out upon the demise of Yazid. A while later, Ibn al-Zubayr proclaimed himself caliph and removed the Umayyads of the Hejaz a subsequent time. They moved to Palmyra or Damascus, where Yazid's child and replacement, Mu'awiya II, governed when most areas of Caliphate disposed of Umayyad authority.
Early Marwanid period
After Mu'awiya II kicked the bucket in 684, the junds of Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin perceived Ibn al-Zubayr, while supporter clans in Damascus and al-Urdunn mixed to name an Umayyad as caliph. The Banu Kalb, lynchpins of Sufyanid rule, named Yazid's enduring children Khalid and Abd Allah, however they were viewed as youthful and unpracticed by the greater part of the other follower clans. Marwan chipped in his nomination and acquired the agreement of the clans, consenting to the caliphate at a highest point in Jabiya in 684. Per the game plan concurred by the clans, Marwan would be prevailed by Khalid, trailed by Amr al-Ashdaq, the child of Sa'id al-As. Marwan and the unified clans, drove by the Kalb, crushed Ibn al-Zubayr's allies in Syria, drove by the Qurayshite legislative head of Damascus, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, and the Qays clans of Qinnasrin, and a while later retook Egypt. Before his passing in 685, Marwan voided the progression course of action, designating his children Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz, in a specific order, all things considered. Abd al-Aziz was made legislative head of Egypt and another child, Muhammad was selected to overcome the Qays clans of the Jazira. Not long after Abd al-Malik consented, while he was away on a tactical mission, he confronted an endeavored overthrow in Damascus by Amr al-Ashdaq. Abd al-Malik stifled the revolt and by and by executed his kinsman. By 692, he crushed Ibn al-Zubayr, who was killed, and reestablished Umayyad authority across the Caliphate.
Abd al-Malik amassed power under the control of the Umayyad line. At a certain point, his siblings or children held virtually all governorships of the territories and Syria's districts. Abd al-Aziz was held over Egypt until his passing not long from now before Abd al-Malik's in 705. He was supplanted by Abd al-Malik's child Abdallah. Abd al-Malik named his child Sulayman over Palestine, following stretches there by his uncle Yahya ibn al-Hakam and sibling Aban ibn Marwan. In Iraq, he designated his sibling Bishr over Kufa and a far off cousin, Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, in Basra, prior to consolidating the two urban communities under the governorship of his confided overall al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Abd al-Malik's court in Damascus was loaded up with definitely a greater number of Umayyads than under his Sufyanid ancestors, a consequence of the tribe's exile to the city from Medina. He kept up with close binds with the Sufyanids through conjugal relations and official arrangements, for example, concurring Yazid's child Khalid an unmistakable job in the court and armed force and wedding to him his little girl A'isha.Abd al-Malik likewise wedded Khalid's sister Atika, who turned into his #1 and most powerful wife.
After his sibling Abd al-Aziz's demise, Abd al-Malik assigned his oldest child, al-Walid I, his replacement, to be trailed by his subsequent oldest, Sulayman. Al-Walid agreed in 705. He kept Sulayman as legislative leader of Palestine, while naming his children to the next junds of Syria, with Abd al-Aziz over Damascus, al-Abbas over Homs and Umar over Jordan, as well as providing them order jobs in the boondocks battles the Byzantines in Anatolia. He resigned his uncle Muhammad ibn Marwan from the Jazira, introducing his stepbrother Maslama there all things considered. Al-Walid I's endeavor to void his dad's progression courses of action by supplanting Sulayman with his child Abd al-Aziz fizzled and Sulayman agreed in 715. As opposed to selecting his own children or siblings, Sulayman named his cousin, Umar II, the child of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, as his replacement. While the customary sources present the decision as connected with the influence of the court scholar, Raja ibn Haywa, it might have been connected with Umar II's status and his dad's past situation as Marwan I's second successor. The group of Abd al-Malik fought the move, however were forced into a trade off by which Yazid II, the child of Abd al-Malik and Atika, would follow Umar II.
Rule over al-Andalus
Establishing of Emirate of Cordoba and Umayyad settlement
An overcomer of the Abbasid slaughters of the Umayyad family, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya (otherwise called Abd al-Rahman I), a grandson of Caliph Hisham, advanced toward al-Andalus, where the mawali of the Umayyads assisted him with laying out a traction in the territory. When he laid out the Emirate of Cordoba in 756, he welcomed other Marwanids, who were staying under the radar under Abbasid rule, to get comfortable the Emirate. He was cited by al-Maqqari as expressing, "among the numerous [favors] gave to us by the All-powerful ... is his permitting us to gather in this country our fellow and family members, and empowering us to give them an offer in this empire". Among the people who noticed his call were his sibling al-Walid and the last's child al-Mughira, his most memorable cousin Ubayd al-Salam ibn Yazid ibn Hisham, and his nephew Ubayd Allah ibn Aban ibn Mu'awiya. Other people who showed up included Juzayy ibn Abd al-Aziz and Abd al-Malik ibn Umar (the two grandsons of Marwan I) from Egypt, Bishr ibn Marwan's child Abd al-Malik from Iraq, and al-Walid I's grandson Habib ibn Abd al-Malik, who had gotten away from the slaughter of Nahr Abi Futrus. All the Umayyad foreigners were conceded homes, payments, order jobs in the military, and commonplace workplaces. While every one of the emirs, and later caliphs, of al-Andalus were immediate relatives of Abd al-Rahman I, the groups of Abd al-Malik ibn Umar (the Marwani faction) and Habib ibn Abd al-Malik (the Habibi tribe) both became conspicuous at the commonplace, military, legal and social levels into the tenth century.
Branches
In the mid seventh 100 years, before their transformation to Islam, the fundamental parts of the Umayyads were the A'yas and the Anabisa. The previous gathered the relatives of Umayya's children Abu al-As, al-As, Abu al-Is and al-Uways, every one of whose names had something very similar or comparable root, thus the eponymous mark, 'A'yas'. The Anabisa, which is the plural type of Anbasa, a typical name in this part of the faction, assembled the relatives of Umayya's children Harb, Abu Harb, Abu Sufyan Anbasa, Sufyan, Amr and Umayya's potentially embraced child, Abu Amr Dhakwan.
Two of the children of Abu al-As, Affan and al-Hakam, each fathered future caliphs, Uthman and Marwan I, respectively. From the last's relatives, known as the Marwanids, came the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus who ruled progressively somewhere in the range of 684 and 750, and afterward the Cordoba-based emirs and caliphs of Muslim Spain, who held office until 1031. Other than the people who had disappeared to al-Andalus, the majority of the Marwanids were killed in the Abbasid cleanses of 750. In any case, various them got comfortable Egypt and Iran, where one of them, Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, composed the renowned wellspring of Middle Easterner history, the Kitab al-Aghani, in the tenth century. Uthman, the third Rashidun caliph, who administered somewhere in the range of 644 and 656, left a few relatives, some of whom served political posts under the Umayyad caliphs. From the Abu al-Is line came the politically significant group of Asid ibn Abi al-Is, whose individuals served military and gubernatorial posts under different Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs. The al-As line delivered Sa'id ibn al-As, who filled in as one of Uthman's lead representatives in Kufa.
The most notable group of the Anabisa branch was that of Harb's child Abu Sufyan Sakhr. From his relatives, the Sufyanids, came Mu'awiya I, who established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, and Mu'awiya I's child and replacement, Yazid I. Sufyanid rule stopped with the demise of the last's child Mu'awiya II in 684, however Yazid's different children, Khalid and Abd Allah, kept on assuming political parts, and the previous was credited as the organizer behind Arabic alchemy. Abd Allah's child Abu Muhammad Ziyad al-Sufyani, in the mean time, drove a disobedience to the Abbasids in 750, yet was eventually slain.Abu Sufyan's different children were Yazid, who went before Mu'awiya I as legislative leader of Syria, Amr, Anbasa, Muhammad and Utba.] Just the last two remaining progeny. The other significant group of the Anabisa were the relatives of Abu Amr, known as the Banu Abi Mu'ayt. Abu Amr's grandson Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt was caught and executed on Muhammad's requests during the Skirmish of Badr for his already cruel prompting against the prophet. Uqba's child, al-Walid, filled in as Uthman's lead representative in Kufa for a brief period. The Banu Abi Mu'ayt made Iraq and Upper Mesopotamia their home.
Caliph Reign
Muʿāwiya I ibn Abī Sufyān 28 July 661 - 27 April 680
Yazīd I ibn Muʿāwiya 27 April 680 - 11 November 683
Muʿāwiya II ibn Yazīd 11 November 683-June 684
Marwān I ibn al-Ḥakam June 684-12 April 685
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān 12 April 685 - 8 October 705
Al-Walīd I ibn ʿAbd al-Malik 8 October 705 - 23 February 715
Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik 23 February 715 - 22 September 717
ʿUmar II ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 22 September 717 - 4 February 720
Yazīd II ibn ʿAbd al-Malik 4 February 720 - 26 January 724
Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik 26 January 724 - 6 February 743
Al-Walīd II ibn Yazīd 6 February 743 - 17 April 744
Yazīd III ibn al-Walīd 17 April 744 - 4 October 744
Ibrāhīm ibn al-Walīd 4 October 744 - 4 December 744
Marwān II ibn Muḥammad 4 December 744 - 25 January 750
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